Europe:  (52 countries & regions)

Nordic countries: 1. Iceland 2. Norway 3. Denmark 4. Sweden 5. Finland 6. Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Western Europe:7.United Kingdom 8. France 9. Ireland 10. Belgium 11. Netherlands 12. Luxembourg13. Monaco

Central Europe: 14. Switzerland 15. Germany 16. Austria 17. Czech Republic 18. Slovakia 19. Poland 20. Liechtenstein21. Hungary

Southern Europe: 22. Spain 23. Portugal 24. Andorra 25. Italy 26. Vatican City 27. San Marino 28. Malta 29. Croatia 30. Bosnia and Herzegovina 31. Slovenia 32. North Macedonia 33. Serbia 34. Montenegro 35. Albania 36. Romania

37. Greece 38. Bulgaria 39. Kosovo 

Eastern Europe: 40. Russia 41. Ukraine 42. Belarus 43. Estonia 44. Latvia 45. Lithuania 46. Moldova 47. Cyprus

Other regions: 48. Guernsey 49. Isle of Man (UK) 50. Scotland 51. Wales 52. Gibraltar

Asia(50 countries®ions)

East Asia: 1. China Mainland 2. Japan 3. North Korea 4. South Korea 5. Mongolia 6. Hong Kong 7. Taiwan 8. Macau

Southeast Asia: 9. Vietnam 10. Cambodia 11. Thailand 12. Myanmar 13. Malaysia 14. Singapore 15. Philippines16. Indonesia 17. Brunei 18. Timor-Leste 19. Laos

South Asia: 20. Nepal 21. Bhutan 22. India 23. Pakistan 24. Bangladesh 25. Sri Lanka 26. Maldives

West Asia: 27. Iran 28. Afghanistan 29. Saudi Arabia 30. Kuwait 31. Bahrain 32. Qatar 33. United Arab Emirates 34. Oman 35. Yemen 36. Turkey 37. Syria 38. Iraq 39. Lebanon 40. Jordan 41. Palestine 42. Israel 43. Georgia 44. Armenia 45. Azerbaijan

Central Asia: 46. Uzbekistan 47. Kazakhstan 48. Kyrgyzstan 49. Turkmenistan 50. Tajikistan

Americas (51 countries & regions)

Central & North America and Caribbean:

1. Greenland (Denmark) 2. Canada 3. Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)

4. United States 5. Bermuda (UK) 6. Mexico 7. Guatemala 8. Belize 9. El Salvador 10. Honduras 11. Nicaragua12. Costa Rica 13. Panama 14. Bahamas 15. Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) 16. Cuba 17. Cayman Islands (UK)18. Jamaica 19. Haiti 20. Dominican Republic 21. Puerto Rico (US) 22. US Virgin Islands 23. British Virgin Islands24. Saint Kitts and Nevis 25. Anguilla (UK) 26. Antigua and Barbuda 27. Montserrat (UK) 28. Guadeloupe (France)29.Dominica 30. Martinique (France) 31. Saint Lucia 32. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 33. Barbados 34. Grenada35. Trinidad and Tobago 36. Netherlands Antilles 37. Aruba (Netherlands)

South America:

38. Colombia 39. Venezuela 40. Guyana 41. Suriname 42. Ecuador 43. Peru 44. Brazil 45. Bolivia46. Chile 47. Paraguay 48. Uruguay 49. Argentina 50. French Guiana 51. Falkland Islands

Oceania: (25 countries & regions)

1. Australia  2. New Zealand 3. Papua New Guinea 4. Solomon Islands5. Vanuatu 6. Federated States of Micronesia 7. Marshall Islands 8. Palau 9. Nauru 10. Kiribati 11. Tuvalu12. Samoa 13. Fiji 14. Tonga 15. Cook Islands (New) 16. Guam (US) 17. New Caledonia (France)18. French Polynesia19. Pitcairn Islands (UK) 20. Wallis and Futuna (France) 21. Niue (New) 22. Tokelau (New) 23. American Samoa24. Northern Mariana Islands (US) 25. Norfolk Island

Africa: (61 countries & regions)

Southern Africa: 1. Angola 2. Botswana 3. Lesotho 4. Madagascar 5. Malawi 6. Mauritius 7. Mozambique 8. Namibia9. Eswatini (Swaziland) 10. South Africa 11. Zambia 12. Zimbabwe 13. Saint Helena (UK) 14. Comoros

North Africa: 15. Egypt 16. Libya 17. Tunisia 18. Algeria 19. Morocco 20. Sudan

Central Africa: 21. Central African Republic 22. Chad 23. Cameroon 24. Equatorial Guinea 25. Gabon 26. Republic of the Congo 27. Democratic Republic of the Congo 28. São Tomé and Príncipe

West Africa:29. Western Sahara 30. Mauritania 31. Senegal 32. Gambia 33. Mali 34. Burkina Faso 35. Guinea36. Guinea-Bissau 37. Cape Verde 38. Sierra Leone 39. Liberia 40. Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 41. Ghana42. Togo 43. Benin 44. Niger 45. Nigeria

East Africa:46. Ethiopia 47. Eritrea 48. Djibouti 49. Somalia 50. Kenya 51. Uganda 52. Rwanda 53. Burundi 54. Tanzania

55. Seychelles

Other regions:56. Ascension Island (UK) 57. Réunion (France) 58. South Sudan 59. Azores (Portugal)60. Madeira (Portugal) 61. Canary Islands (Spain)

1. Advantages of Filing Trademark Applications Country by Country

1.1 No Need for a Basic Application or Registration

Individual national trademark filings do not require a prior domestic trademark registration or application. The filing process is flexible in both method and timing.

1.2 Stable Trademark Rights and Convenient Enforcement

Once registered locally, the trademark is recorded by the national authority as an independent right, completely unaffected by the applicant’s trademark status in their home country.

Unlike the Madrid System’s “central attack” mechanism, problems in the basic mark will not jeopardize the international extension.

If infringement occurs, the trademark owner can promptly defend their rights locally.

Additionally, any issues arising during examination can be addressed directly with the local law firm.

1.3 Trademark Registration Certificates Issued

Successful national applications result in a physical or electronic trademark registration certificate, whereas trademarks registered through the Madrid System do not receive a national certificate.

1.4 More Countries Available for Registration

Approximately 210 countries/regions/territories worldwide have independent trademark jurisdictions. Applicants may select any of these jurisdictions for individual trademark protection.

1.5 Faster Registration in Certain Countries

Some jurisdictions, such as Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, process applications quickly, often issuing certificates in as little as six months.

1.6 Lower Registration Risks

Applicants may tailor their filing strategies based on each country’s examination standards, reducing the likelihood of refusals and avoiding unnecessary risks.

2. Disadvantages of Filing Country by Country

2.1 Higher Overall Costs When Filing in Multiple Countries

In addition to each country’s official fee, applicants typically incur attorney fees for local representation.

When many countries are involved, total expenses are generally higher than filing through the Madrid System.

2.2 Complex Application Requirements in Some Countries

Some jurisdictions—such as Argentina—require embassy-certified powers of attorney, business licenses, declarations, and other supporting documents.

Countries like the U.S. and the Philippines require proof of use, resulting in more complex procedures.

2.3 Challenging Post-Registration Management

Validity periods, renewal windows, renewal requirements, and change-recording rules vary across countries.

Applicants must manage each jurisdiction separately, which increases administrative workload.

In contrast, the Madrid System allows renewals, changes, and assignments to be filed through a single, unified procedure.